Particle Films Combined with Propolis Have Positive Effects in Reducing Bactrocera oleae Attacks on Olive Fruits

The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, is a major pest of trees in several areas the world. Testing novel preventive methods against B. oleae infestations paramount. use particle film eluding and avoiding oviposition one main strategies adopted by growers; however, choices are often limited to kaolin. Under field conditions, we tested efficacy compounds, including films, for their effectiveness as deterrents oleae. trial was conducted from July October 2021 an orchard located central Italy. One variety, Borgiona, selected sprayed with propolis, rock powder, kaolin, mixture propolis kaolin water (control). Laboratory analyses were study effects treatments on maturity index. As per trial, powder caused reduction infestation respect control (water), similarly Moreover, exhibited best results among all treatments. When mixed films showed higher protection than when applied alone, suggesting synergistic effect, demonstrating interesting role adjuvant. No delay noticed. Our indicate that products have potential be incorporated into management programs although possible side physiology require additional investigations.